Available online 5 August 2011 Leader ethical decision-making has received a great deal of attention in the academic literature. Most research examining ethical leadership has focused on the leader characteristics and subordinate outcomes associated with ethical leadership, but research examining the situational variables influencing leader ethical decision-making is limited. Thus, the purpose ...

Findings: Seven major coping strategies were identified in the collected data: (1) coping through learning, (2) coping through resistance, (3) coping through communication (4) coping through comparison, (5) coping through adaptation, (6) coping through isolation, (7) coping through distraction. While some coping strategies reflect more passive behavior, other forms relate to open revolt and pro...

Although social behaviour can bring many benefits to an individual, there are also costs that may be incurred whenever the members of a social group interact. The formation of dominance hierarchies could offer a means of reducing some of the costs of social interaction, but individuals within the hierarchy may end up paying differing costs dependent upon their position within the hierarchy. The...

Gene expression differences between the sexes account for the majority of sexually dimorphic phenotypes, and the study of sex-biased gene expression is important for understanding the genetic basis of complex sexual dimorphisms. However, it has been difficult to test the nature of this relationship due to the fact that sexual dimorphism has traditionally been conceptualized as a dichotomy betwe...

In mice behavioral response to pain is modulated by social status. Recently, social context also has been shown to affect pain sensitivity. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effects of interaction between status and social context in dyads of outbred CD-1 male mice in which the dominance/submission relationship was stable. Mice were assessed for pain response in a formalin (1% concentra...

Consider an information system in which users are organized in a hierarchical structure for access control. In such a system, there are a number of disjoint security classes and each user belongs to one of the security classes. Each security class is assigned a key, used for encryption, identification, etc. Among the security classes, there is a partial order, ≤, where SC1 ≤ SC2 represents that...