On page 737, Fahlén et al. show that colitis-inducing effector T cells that cannot respond to the suppressive cytokine TGFrefuse to be controlled by regulatory T (T reg) cells. Naturally occurring T reg cells suppress the activity of effector CD4 T cells and are essential for the prevention of autoimmune disease and chronic inflammation. TGFappears to be required for T reg cell activity, but de...

Synthetic ethology is proposed as a means of conducting controlled experiments investigating the mechanisms and evolution of communication. After a discussion of the goals and methods of synthetic ethology, two series of experiments are described based on at least 5000 breeding cycles. The first demonstrates the evolution of cooperative communication in a population of simple machines. The aver...

One of the most elusive challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia is the reliable identification of silent aspiration (aspiration in the absence of cough). The citric acid inhalation cough challenge offers potential for aiding in identification of silent aspiration; however clinical application of this technique is currently problematic due to an absence of normative data. Therefor...

We propose a set of measurements at a charm factory to determine the D– D 0 mixing parameters ∆M and ∆Γ and the strong phase difference δ between doubly-Cabibbo-suppressed (DCS) and Cabibbo-favored (CF) neutral D decays into Kπ. The method can also be used to measure strong phase differences between other corresponding DCS and CF amplitudes. These phase differences are important for studies of ...

(Abstract) Counting the number of paths in a graph, for example the number of nonintersecting (or self-avoiding) rook paths joining opposite corners of an n × n grid, is not an easy problem since no mathematical formula is found and the number becomes too large to enumerate one by one except for small graphs. We have implemented software based on the ZDD technique in Knuth's " The Art of Comput...

We propose a set of measurements at a charm factory to determine the D–D 0 mixing parameters ∆M and ∆Γ and the strong phase difference δ between doubly-Cabibbo-suppressed (DCS) and Cabibbo-favored (CF) neutral D decays into Kπ. The method can also be used to measure strong phase differences between other corresponding DCS and CF amplitudes. These phase differences are important for studies of D...

The shelving phenomenon of quantum optics, originally observed by Dehmelt, is analyzed in terms of the nRules that are given in another paper. The heuristic value of these rules is apparent because they reveal the mechanism that enforces the suppression of fluorescence during the dark period associated with shelving.