g -aminobutiric acid (gaba), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system has two major receptor subtypes (gabaa and gabab). gabab receptors are activated by the antispastic and muscle relaxant agent, baclofen, which is a lipophilic derivative of gaba. since 1962 several strategies have been reported for the synthesis of baclofen.in this study an approach has been made to...

recent studies have indicated that 1, 4-dihydropyridine-3, 5-dicarboxamidederivativesshow significant anti-tubercular activity. in this research, new derivatives of 1, 4-dihydropyridine were designed and synthesized using hantzsch condensation in which dicyclohexyl and different dicyclohexylcarbamoylwere substituted at c-3 and c-5 positions of the dhp ring.in addition, 4 (5)-chloro-2-methyl-5 (...

iii Content Overview v-vii List of Figures viii-x List of Tables xi-xii List of Abbreviations xiii-xiv Acknowledgments xv-xvi Author’s Declaration xvii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Introduction 7 1.3 Objectives 14 1.4 Thesis Structure 18 CHAPTER 2: PRINCIPLES OF CONCATENATIVE SOUND SYNTHESIS 20 2.1 Sound Synthesis 20 2.1.1 Rule-based Model 23 2.1.2 Data-driven Model 27 2.2 Sub...

In this paper we suggest measures for making the synthesis process more likely to succeed. As a first measure the synthesis task must be made intelligible by making the starting point, the way of reasoning, and criterion for conclusion of the synthesis clear. Secondly, the interactive synthesis process can be supported by a planning ingredient in the system as a way for the system and the user ...

A methodology to optimize handshake circuits is presented. The approach selects clusters of the initial handshake network for which signals representing internal channels within a cluster are hidden. To guarantee asynchronous implementability on the resulting cluster, state encoding is applied using modern structural techniques. The theory of Petri nets is used to identify clusters for which th...

The synthesis of emotional speech is still an open question. The principal issue is how to introduce expressivity without compromising the naturalness of the synthetic speech provided by the state-of-the-art technology. In this paper two concatenative synthesis systems are described and some approaches to address this topic are proposed. For example, considering the intrinsic expressivity of ce...

Last decade considerable work has been done in finding an objective distance measure which is able to predict audible discontinuities in concatenative speech synthesis. Speech segments in concatenative synthesis are extracted from disjoint phonetic contexts and discontinuities in spectral shape and phase mismatches tend to occur at unit boundaries. Many feature sets —most of them of spectral na...

This paper describes experiments with synthetic voices using unit selection [1] concatenative synthesis where portions of the database audio recordings are modified for the purpose of producing a wider set of phonemes than is contained in the original voice recordings. Since it is known that performing global signal modification for the purposes of speech synthesis significantly reduces perceiv...

Seeing the talker’s articulatory mouth movements can influence the auditory speech percept both in speech identification and detection tasks. Here we show that these audiovisual integration effects also occur for sine wave speech (SWS), which is an impoverished speech signal that naïve observers often fail to perceive as speech. While audiovisual integration in the identification task only occu...