On average, US workers fortunate enough to be offered health insurance through their place of work are given a small number of choices: 80 percent of firms, accounting for 37 percent of workers, offered only one plan in 2005. Although there are merits of limited choice— including lower administrative costs for sponsoring employers, and better pooling of risk within a given employee population—s...

Subsidies in the Affordable Care Act exchanges and other health insurance programs depend on prices set by insurers – as prices rise, so do subsidies. We show that these “price-linked” subsidies incentivize higher prices, with a magnitude that depends on how much insurance demand rises when the price of uninsurance (the mandate penalty) increases. To estimate this effect, we use two natural exp...

To meet its goal of universal health insurance coverage, the Clinton health plan requires all employers to offer health insurance to their employees. Using survey data on more than 2,200 small businesses, we estimate how many firms and employees would be affected by this mandate and calculate the financial burden, adjusting for the small-business subsidies recommended in the Clinton plan. Becau...

Egypt's food subsidies (in 1996/97 5.5 percent of government expenditures or US$1.1 bn.) cover rationed oil and sugar (23 percent of subsidy cost) and unrationed bread and flour (77 percent). The subsidies enhance food security but are nontargeted and have substantial leakages. This paper uses a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate the short-run effects of alternative foodsubs...

Background: Development plans aimed at macro-management planning in a country significantly impact all functional fields. This study investigated the status and significance of the health sector in the first to sixth economic, social, and cultural development plans in Iran.  Methods: This was a review study using documentary analysis method. The review was conducted with an emphasis on purpose...

One approach to covering the uninsured that is frequently advocated by policy-makers is subsidizing the employee portion of employer-provided health insurance premiums. But, since the vast majority of those offered employer-provided health insurance already take it up, such an approach is only appealing if there is a very high takeup elasticity among those who are offered and uninsured. Moreove...

to date there is not progress commercially production and large scale application of pgpr in agriculture. one reason for limited commercial use of pgpr is variability, inconsistency and irreproduciblility of results between laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials. these problems with pgpr arises from variation in crops and cultivars, the physical, chemical and biological composition of  soils,...

Susan Grubera* , Hana Leeb, Rachael Phillipsc, Martin Hod & Mark van der Laanca Putnam Data Sciences, LLC, Cambridge, MAb Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food Administration, Silver Spring, MDc Department University California at Berkeley, CAd Global Affairs Google, Mountain View, CA