Teachers promote student learning and well-being in school by establishing a supportive classroom structure. The term classroom structure refers to how teachers design tasks, maintain authority, and evaluate student achievement. Although empirical studies have shown the relation of classroom structure to student motivation, achievement, and well-being, no prior investigations have examined the ...

Thin metal fiIrns (Cu, Au, Ni) on quartz glass were illuminated with nanosecond pulse.; of a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser (A = 532 nm). The transient reflectivity behavlour was probed at the wavelength 633 nm, where these metals exhibit Drude-Iike optical behaviour: the reflectivity decreases with temperature in the solid and in the Iiquid state as well as at the solid-llquid phase transition...

By time-resolved reflectivity measurements with sub-10 fs laser pulses at 395 nm, the coherent phonons of aligned bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes are observed for various polarization directions of the pump and probe pulses. In the isotropic reflectivity measurement, we observe the radial breathing modes, G, and even D modes, while in the anisotropic reflectivity mode, only the G mode...

Purpose Photoreceptor loss has been suspected of being involved in incomplete visual recovery after diabetic macular edema (DME) resolution. Recent studies have shown that cone density in the perifoveal area could be estimated by in vivo measurements of the outer retinal reflectivity on optical coherence tomography (OCT). The main objective of this study was to assess the photoreceptor layer re...

Technology can be integrated in teacher education and, hence, used to empower teachers extend learning beyond their classrooms. Therefore, the present study was an attempt investigate English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ perceptions of action research and explore impact collaborative online discussion group on reflective practice. In addition, we were interested know how contributes pr...

Purpose. To evaluate the spatial distribution of photoreceptor inner and outer segment junction (IS/OS) reflectivity changes after successful vitrectomy for macula-off retinal detachment (PPV-mOFF) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SdOCT). Methods. Twenty eyes after successful PPV-mOFF were included in the study. During a mean follow-up period of 15.3 months, SdOCT was perform...

The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on board Nimbus 7 is used to infer the ultraviolet (UV) surface and cloud reflectance at 370 nm. Cloudless urface reflectivity was analyzed on a global basis for all surface types for several months. The UV surface reflectivity varies from 2% for some forest and grassland regions to 14% for some sandy desert areas. A notable exception is the large sal...

Using a home-built reflectometer, we have investigated the changes in the optical reflectivity of a Pd(100) model catalyst during CO oxidation under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions. We observe changes in optical contrast when exposing the surface to CO oxidation conditions at 200 mbar from room temperature up to 400 °C. These changes in reflectivity are a result both of the formation...

During the past decade, neutron reflectivity has increasingly become an important technique for the characterization of biological and biomimetic thin films. Advancements in instrumentation, sample environment and measurement protocols now make it possible to obtain Angstrom-level information about the composition of these materials along the axis perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. A n...

AVO as a known methodology is used to identify fluid type and reservoir lithology in subsurface exploration. Method discussed in this paper, consists of three stages, including: Direct modeling, Inverse modeling and Cross plot interpretation. By direct modeling we can clarify lithology or fluid dependent attributes. Analysis performed using both P-P and P-Sv attributes. Inverse modeling deals w...