this article wants to clarify a new narration of iran-iraq war political nature. other narrations generally have had a strategic-political view on iran-iraq war. although this present narration has a strategic and realistic view too, it doesn't consider this kind of view enough for a comprehensive explanation of different aspects of the war. it refers to the confrontation of faith and forc...

This study investigates the relationship between political cynicism and political involvement by connecting them with antecedent variables: need for cognition, elaboration and perceived media importance. The findings show that elaboration and political involvement are exogenous, casting influence on political cynicism, need for cognition, and perceived importance of media. This finding confirms...

This article investigates the implications of political and economic internationalization on patterns of governance from a statecentric perspective. The actual patterns of governance in internationalized environments can be related to the respective governance capacity of public and private actors, which hinges in turn on the strategic constellation underlying the provision of a public good. Th...

Many developing-country governments rely heavily on trade tax revenue. Therefore, trade liberalization can be a potential source of significant fiscal instability and may affect government spending on development activities—at least in the short run. This article investigates whether donors use aid to compensate recipient nations for lost trade revenue or perhaps to reward them for moving towar...

Vocal actors within policy and practice contend that environmental variability and shocks, such as drought and prolonged heat waves, drive civil wars in Africa. Recently, a widely publicized scientific article appears to substantiate this claim. This paper investigates the empirical foundation for the claimed relationship in detail. Using a host of different model specifications and alternative...

The folding of a protein is determined by electrostatic force fields radiated the amino acids that compose protein. Folding also fact no two entities can occupy same space simultaneously (steric hindrance). These affects limit rotation bonds making up and thus determine coordinates in atom–atom bonds. history begins with its “birth” ribosome. next occurs resulting active Since determines functi...