PURPOSE To assess the effectiveness of the upper eyelid double motion sign in Graves' orbitopathy (GO) in detecting thyroid dysfunction or a positive level of thyroid-related autoantibodies. METHODS GO was defined when more than two GO-related eyelid symptoms, including the double motion sign, existed with at least one positive thyroid-related blood test. Blood tests were performed in patient...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with vision changes both due to MS effects on visual pathways and due to medication effects on the visual pathways. Distinguishing the causes of vision change are critical to appropriate diagnosis and management. The incidence, presentation, and treatment of fingolimod-associated macular edema, alemtuzumab-associated thyroid orbitopathy, and progressive mul...

UNLABELLED Thyrotoxicosis is one of the rare disorders diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. The most frequent cause is Graves disease. One of the Graves' disease complications is thyroid-associated orbitopathy. A 2-year-old girl was referred to our hospital for decreased weight gain. Her physical examination was normal except for a palpable thyroid tissue and exophtalmia. After laboratory ex...

Despite the huge progress in the understanding of the pathomechanism of thyroid orbitopathy (OT) done during recent years this extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease still remains one of the most complex problems of clinical endocrinology. The outcome of the management is not satisfying neither for patient nor for physicians. Some likelihood of the improvement of the results may be exp...

A ttempts to understand the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) have failed, in part because of confounding features associated with its variable clinical presentation. In the absence of a more complete insight into disease mechanisms, no specific and effective therapy can be developed. It is our view that much of the information necessary to unravel the complexities of TAO and...

Although the diagnosis of Graves' orbitopathy is primarily made clinically based on laboratory tests indicative of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity, imaging studies, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and color Doppler imaging, play an important role both in the diagnosis and follow-up after clinical or surgical treatment of the disease. Imaging studies can ...