Red-backed shrikes (Lanius collurio) behave quite differently towards two common nest predators. While the European jay (Garrulus glandarius) is commonly attacked, in the presence of the Eurasian magpie (Pica pica), shrikes stay fully passive. We tested the hypotheses that this passive response to the magpie is an alternative defense strategy. Nesting shrikes were exposed to the commonly attack...

Two hypotheses have been proposed recently that offer different views on the role of airway surface liquid (ASL) in lung defense. The "compositional" hypothesis predicts that ASL [NaCl] is kept low (<50 mM) by passive forces to permit antimicrobial factors to act as a chemical defense. The "volume" hypothesis predicts that ASL volume (height) is regulated isotonically by active ion transport to...

n today’s society almost everyone has a cell phone attached at the hip, and somewhere a television or radio is blaring. These everyday items may sometime soon aid in national defense. They will do so because a large component of defense comes from radar systems which depend on the same electromagnetic radiation that cell phones, televisions, and radios do. As a result of the growing prevalence ...

abstract urban parks are important public multifunctional space used for a wide range of activities. the usage levels of parks depend on the spatial characteristics of the spaces, where its forms and occupancies are referred as the usage-spatial relationship. natural elements spatial complexity and park usability is of interest in this study. a photo - questionnaire was conducted among 296 of p...

Passive worm have posed serious security threats to the functioning of unstructured P2P networks. A delayed SEIRS epidemic model with death, off line and online rate is constructed based on the actual situation of P2P users. The basic reproduction number that governs whether a passive worm is extinct or not is obtained. In this model, time delay consists of latent and temporary immunity periods...