The geographical environment, where the city with different shapes and dimensions and various functions is located on it, is the urban field of activity and movement. Dou to the most population of a country live in these environments and often this area is used as economical, political, cultural, and social centers, its readiness to overcome crises should always be considered by the relev...

Background and objective: Water supply networks are among the main and vital infrastructures of any city, therefore maintaining the safety of water supply facilities and considering necessary arrangements during encountering the critical conditions is among the main concerns of officials related to security issues of any country. For this purpose, investigation of these facilities in terms of p...

Passive Defense is a set of civilian efforts performed to enhance deterrence, reduce vulnerability, sustain essential activities, promote national stability, and facilitate crisis management against military threats of an enemy. Since in battles, sensitive and critical areas of cities are of paramount importance,it is clear that in military agressions, a large part of threats are focused on cit...

Background and Aims: Urban texture assessment with passive defense approach is one of the most important issues in the field of urban planning. In this research, we try to evaluate the vulnerability of urban tissue to the enemy's threats, because inactive defense by using unarmed measures reduces Vulnerability and increased deterrence at the time of the threat. Noghan Neighborhood located in th...

Aims: Reducing the city's vulnerability in times of crisis and emergencies is part of the urban design mission. Hence, passive defense measures have been developed to reduce the vulnerability of cities in times of crisis. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting passive defense in the performance of urban spaces in the area of Enghelab Square in Tehran. Methodology: This ...

Research objectives: In construction of main urban infrastructures, observing the principles of passive defense in order to maintain safety and reduce vulnerabilities in critical situations is very important. In this study, critical infrastructures were identified and ranked. Finally, the most effective and impressible infrastructures for successful management in non-operating defense were iden...