NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROSCIENCE VOLUME 3 | NOVEMBER 2002 | 873 Voltage-gated Ca channels (VGCCs) are a large family of integral membrane proteins that control the selective flow of Ca ions down their electrochemical gradient in response to changes in membrane potential (BOX 1; TABLE 1). Ca ions control processes as diverse as cell proliferation, neuronal development and transmitter release. All o...

VDI type-1 rig and JIS rig are the two major testing rigs for cleanable fabric filters. We measured the filter cleaning performance using these rigs and the results were compared in order to characterize the two testing methods. The filter performance tests showed that the filter cleaning efficiency measured with VDI type-1 rig is higher than that with JIS rig. During pulse jet cleaning, JIS ri...

A simple method is given for estimating the continuous PQ disturbance level at a site. It is based on determining a "Voltage Distortion Increment" (VDI) for each segment of the network and then adding the VDIs from a given site back to an upstream site where levels are taken to be zero. The VDI is conveniently expressible in the form of S(MVA) times length (km), where "length" correspond to the...

The Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) diagnostic system in ITER provides essential information for plasma control and for evaluating the plasma performance. It measures the electron temperature profile (edge/core), electron temperature fluctuations and radiated power in the electron cyclotron frequency range from the plasma. Virginia Diodes Inc. (VDI) has designed and developed a stateof-the-ar...

In 2008 the Association of German Engineers (VDI) published the first part of the VDI 4499 guideline for methods and tools for the digital factory. Part 1 of this guideline deals with the fundamentals of the system and will be expanded by the addition of further parts on specific topics within the digital factory. Soon to be published is Part 4 which covers human models as tools of the digital ...

Driving simulators need an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS). Simulators provide ways to conduct objective measurements on students' driving behavior and opportunities for creating the best possible learning environment. The generated traffic situations can be influenced directly according to the needs of the student. We created an ITS the Virtual Driving Instructor (VDI) for guiding the learni...

The automotive industry increasingly uses close range photogrammetry systems with bundle adjustment for acquiring 3D information to check for example the quality of sheet metal parts. Because of its flexibility, at times a photogrammetric system is used in climate chambers and hence is exposed to extreme strain. The interior orientation of the camera whilst capturing in the difficult environmen...