suspended sediment resulted from distributed soil erosions facilitates nutrient transportation and influences soil depletion. phosphorus (p) is one of the major limiting nutrients controlling eutrophication of surface water. irregular p load pulsed by heavy rainfall may damage the ecological quality of downstream waters. p transport study during rainfall events is important in both predicting a...

In tidally affected coastal catchments detention pond should be provided to store flood surface water. A comparison between the full simulation approach based on the joint probability method and time series rainfall modeling via the annual maximum of pond level was undertaken to investigate the assumptions of independence between variables that are necessary in the joint probability method. The...

climatological parameters are among the most important ecological capability evaluation criterias, on other hand, climate changes which has intensified in the past decades and has the consequences such as; increases in climatic threshold phenomena like occurrence of horrific floodings, destructive hurricanes, abnormal and sudden colds and heats, untimely rainfalls and heavy snows, widespread dr...

Comparison of the rain rate estimated with the assumptions of Rayleighand Mie scattering is made. We analyzed the different relationships between the radar reflective factor and rain rate (so-called Z-R relationship) with both scattering models for different DSD (droplet size distribution) and rainfall types as the wavelength is 2.2cm which is in accord with the band of TRMM/PR. Meanwhile we in...

rainfall-runoff modeling is most important component in the water resource management of river basins. the successful application of a conceptual rainfall-runoff model depends on how well it is calibrated. the degree of difficulty in solving the global optimization method is generally dependent on the dimensionality of the model and certain of the characteristics of object function. the purpose...

The areal modeling of the extremes of a natural process such as rainfall or temperature is important in environmental statistics; for example, understanding extreme areal rainfall is crucial in flood protection. This article reviews recent progress in the statistical modeling of spatial extremes, starting with sketches of the necessary elements of extreme value statistics and geostatistics. The...

Tornadoes, which are one of the most feared natural phenomena, present a significant challenge to forecasters who strive to provide adequate warnings of the imminent danger. Forecasters recognize the general environmental conditions within which a tornadic thunderstorm, called a supercell thunderstorm, will form. They also recognize a supercell thunderstorm with its rotating updraft, or mesocyc...

in this study, several data-driven techniques including system identification, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (anfis), artificial neural network (ann) and wavelet-artificial neural network (wavelet-ann) models were applied to model rainfall-runoff (rr) relationship. for this purpose, the daily stream flow time series of hydrometric station of hajighoshan on gorgan river and the daily rai...