module over a ring is a general mathematical concept for many examples of mathematicalobjects that can be added to each other and multiplied by scalar numbers.In this paper, we consider a module over a ring as a universe and by using the notion of reference points, we provide local approximations for  subsets of the universe.

We study a fundamental issue in cosmology: Whether we can rely on a cosmological model to understand the real history of the Universe. This fundamental, still unresolved issue is often called the “model-fitting problem (or averaging problem) in cosmology”. Here we analyze this issue with the help of the spectral scheme prepared in the preceding studies. Choosing two specific spatial geometries ...

How much matter is there in the universe? Does the universe have the critical density needed to stop its expansion, or is the universe underweight and destined to expand forever? We show that several independent measures, especially those utilizing the largest bound systems known-clusters of galaxies-all indicate that the mass-density of the universe is insuucient to halt the expansion. A promi...

Misgivings have been raised about the operating characteristics of canonical 3+3 dose-escalation phase I clinical trial design. Yet, traditional design is still most commonly used. Although it has implied that adhering to this due a stubborn reluctance adopt change despite other designs performing better in hypothetical computer-generated simulation models, continued adherence strategies more l...

Gödel universe in M-theory is a supersymmetric and homogeneous background with rotation and four-form magnetic flux. It is known that, as seen in inertial frame of co-moving observer, all geodesics with zero orbital angular momentum orbit inside ‘surface of light velocity’ (CTC horizon). To learn if other probes can travel beyond the CTC horizon, we study dynamics of M-graviton and, in particul...

the purpose of this article is to show the creation of sense and the relation between reflection and narrative function in the novel “stranger” by albert camus. while studying the structure of this narration, we try to surpass the surface and penetrate the deepest layers of the text, in order to find, not only the meaningful surface structures but also the ones beyond the text. as a reason, we ...

The paper presents a novel type of fuzzy sets, called time-Varying Fuzzy Sets (VFS). These fuzzy sets are based on the Gaussian membership functions, they are depended on the error and they are characterized by the displacement of the kernels to both right and left side of the universe of discourse, the two extremes kernels of the universe are fixed for all time. In this work we focus only on t...

Cosmological in ation: a brief reminder. In large-scale, the Universe is reasonably uniform. This observed uniformity poses a problem to cosmology; see, e.g., [3]. Indeed, it is easy to explain the uniformity of gas inside a given volume, where molecules interact with each other, as a result of which, inhomogeneities disappear. However, in cosmology, the Universe's expansion goes so fast that d...

If the universe had been born in a high entropy, equilibrium state, there would be no stars, no planets and no life. Thus, the initial low entropy of the universe is the fundamental reason why we are here. However, we have a poor understanding of why the initial entropy was low and of the relationship between gravity and entropy. We are also struggling with how to meaningfully define the maximu...