Introduction: In recent years, bismuth-based nanomaterials have been widely used in medical researches as imaging, drug delivery and x-ray radiosensitizing agents. Due to their anti-microbial effects against Helicobacter pylori (HP), bismuth colloidal compounds are used to treat various types of diseases such as chronic gastritis. Despite their advantages, bismuth-based compoun...

Since dayman's initial description of laparoscopic nephrectomy, this procedure has rapidly gained worldwide acceptance. At centers where such expertise is available, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy can comfortably be considered a, if not the, standard of care for the appropriate patient with an organ-confined Tl renal tumor. Either the transperitoneal or the retroperitoneal laparoscopic approa...