Although the pathogenesis of age-related macular disease (ARMD) is still not fully understood, genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Epidemiological studies have found conflicting findings between ARMD development and many potential risk factors. This review provides an up-to-date account of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with ARMD development, with potential ...

Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is a complex degenerative disease in the elderly. As multiple factors interact during the development of ARHI, it is important to elucidate the major influencing factors to understand and prevent ARHI. We aimed to identify risk factors associated with the development of ARHI with a retrospective cohort from 2001 to 2010. The records of the adult subjects ov...

A large part of the world's population has gained only marginal benefits from the overall improvement in prevention and therapy of diseases. In 1900, 25% of deaths occurred in people 65 years and older, whereas in 1980 this percentage was about 70% (1). From the point of view of economists, it is around age 50 that a balance point is reached where the benefits of a few more productive years are...

There is an increasing body of evidence as to the risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Age and genetic make-up are the most important risk factors identified to date. Over the next decade, the different genes that are involved in the development of age-related macular degeneration will be identified. There is reasonably consistent evidence that smoking cigarettes results in increa...