Capital Deepening and Wage Differentials: Germany vs. US Capital deepening may affect the evolution of the wage differential between skilled and unskilled workers differently in countries with different labor market institutions. If labor market institutions raise the relative wage of unskilled workers in Germany, firms have incentives to invest relatively more into capital equipment complement...

BACKGROUND Delivery of powder formulations to the nose is an attractive alternative for many drugs and vaccines. This study compared the regional nasal deposition and clearance patterns of lactose powder delivered by the OptiNose powder device (Opt-Powder; OptiNose US Inc., Yardley, PA, USA) to that of liquid aerosol administered via a traditional hand-actuated liquid spray pump (Rexam SP270, R...

BACKGROUND Phosphate binders, such as lanthanum carbonate, control elevated serum-phosphate levels in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Lanthanum carbonate is available in oral powder and tablet form. The aim of this survey was to investigate satisfaction with, preference for, and adherence to lanthanum carbonate oral powder in patients with ESRD. SCOPE Patients from France and Sp...

development of resistant strains of pathogens to many fungicides as well as fungicide residues in food stuff have been resulted in attemps to develop biological agents as alternative methods to control post-harvest diseases. practical use of microorganisms requires formulated products that meet a number of criteria. in this study different carriers for powder formulation of p.guilliermondi were...

the purpose of this study was preparation and evaluation of sustained release matrix type ocular mini-tablets of timolol maleate, as a potential formulation for the treatment of glaucoma. following the initial studies on timolol maleate powder, it was formulated into ocular mini-tablets. the polymers investigated in this study included cellulose derivatives (hec, cmc, ec) and carbopol971p. mann...

Inhaled drug delivery is an important part of the armamentarium of clinicians caring for patients with pulmonary disease. An increasing variety of metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers are becoming available. This has been driven by the development of new formulations and the impending ban on chlorofluorocarbon propellants. The result is a proliferation of devices, resulting in a confus...

INTRODUCTION Early dry powder inhalers (DPIs) were designed for low drug doses in asthma and COPD therapy. Nearly all concepts contained carrier-based formulations and lacked efficient dispersion principles. Therefore, particle engineering and powder processing are increasingly applied to achieve acceptable lung deposition with these poorly designed inhalers. Areas covered: The consequences of ...