ost estimation for an engineering project traditionally involves development of an “engineer’s estimate” of the project cost to which contingency is added to develop the “total project cost.” Contingency is used to reflect the fact that regardless of the diligence and competence of the estimator, there is uncertainty in the final cost of the project. Material costs change over time, markups and...

the purpose of this study is designing a model to determine important factors on export performance (ep) in the base of cost leadership strategy for non_ metal mineral industry of iran. in this paper, available approaches in the scope of determinants of ep are identified consist of contingency view, relational and resource based view. in this study, we examine relationship between resources, co...

The demand for mass custom parts is increasing, estimating the cost of to a high degree efficiency matter great concern most manufacturing companies. Under premise machining operations, estimation based on features and processes yields accuracy, but it necessitates accurately identifying part’s establishing relationship between feature cost. Accordingly, recognition method syntactic pattern pro...

reactive power management plays an essential role in the secure operation of the power system as an ancillary service. although in electricity markets, the particular attention is paid to active power, the reactive power also plays an important on total generation costs of electricity. on the other hand, as it is mainly confined to local consumption, to avoid market power and maintain the secur...

The techniques and methods of developing cost models for respirators are discussed. Models are developed and implemented in this study for nineteen types of respirators in two major classes (air-purifying and supplied-air) and one LEV system. One respirator model is selected for detailed discussion from among the twenty models. The technical cost method is used in constructing the cost models f...

at many circumstances, in heat exchange processes several exchangers were used with different cost laws due to their pressure ratings, materials of construction and exchange3r types. in such circumstances traditional methods of pinch technology can not be led to minimum total annual cost may cause some other disadvantages like more complexity or higher maintenance. in this research work a new a...