Phylogenetic comparative methods are increasingly used to give new insights into the dynamics of trait evolution in deep time. For continuous traits the core of these methods is a suite of models that attempt to capture evolutionary patterns by extending the Brownian constant variance model. However, the properties of these models are often poorly understood, which can lead to the misinterpreta...

Introduction: Scalpels have been used to make abdominal surgical incisions by manually cutting through tissue using a sharp blade. Electrosurgery becomes an integral and evolves part of practice but less popular among surgeons. Fear deep burns with electrosurgery resultant scarring continues compared the scalpel, which produces clean, incised wound minimal destruction. Aim The Study: aim this s...

<span>One of the major problems that faces any wireless communication system apply multicarrier modulation technology is large Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). There are divers PAPR reduction methods to solve this problem. Tone Reservation (TR) scheme one most famous techniques in which a peak cancelling signal added original such way will reduce. Companding another easy technique comp...