Antibodies directed against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are believed to be the main cause of destruction of pancreatic islet cells in type I (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. The enzyme was found both in the brain and pancreatic beta cells. Although similarities in identity of GAD in human and rat brain have been demonstrated, little is known about the interaction betw...

the most important risk factors for anxiety disorders include genes, early life stress, and current stress. these factors do not act independently but interact with each other throughout human development through examples such as epigenetic modifications and complex forms of learning. the neural substrate of pathological anxiety includes hyperactivity in the amygdala and other limbic brain regi...

introduction: cypermethrin causes its neurotoxic effect through voltage-dependent sodium channels and integral protein atpases in the neuronal membrane. brain and nerve damage are often associated with low residual level of pesticides. in vitro and in vivo studies have also shown that pesticides cause free radical-mediated tissue damage in brain. propolis has antioxidant properties. the main ch...

Alcohol directly affects astroglial cell function, including inflammation-related activity.  And it also affects microglial cell development and function in specific ways that interfere with microglial interactions with the immune system and with neurons. Neuroinflammatory processes might be involved in alcohol-induced brain damage. Alcohol use, misuse and getting used to it causes differe...

Introduction: Brain injury is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and so far, there has been no absolute treatment for the damaged brain tissue. Using human stem cells with self-assembling scaffolds can be a promising method for treatment of traumatic brain injury. Materials and Methods: Human meningioma stem cells were isolated, cultured and then expanded into in vitro cond...

Objective(s):There are supportive evidences about the possible role of latent Toxoplasma. gondii infections on the behavior and neurologic functions, such as increased dopamine levels in the brain. The aim of this study was to examine anti-toxoplasma activity of aripiprazole that is an atypical anti-psychotic drug in mice. Materials and Methods: Mice were randomly divided into four groups, inc...

Dementia is one of the age related mental problems and a characteristic symptom of various neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. Desmodium gangeticum DC. (Leguminosae) is widely used in Ayurveda for treating various neurological disorders. In the present study, the effectiveness of aqueous extract of D. gangeticum in attenuating scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice was inves...