Glutamate, as an essential neurotransmitter, has been thought to have different roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including nerve regeneration, synaptogenesis, and neurogenesis. Excessive glutamate causes an up-regulation of the multiple signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein, mitogen-activat...

Abstract T cell activation in the lymph node (LN) is critical to initiating adaptive immune responses vaccination, tumors, and infection. We previously demonstrated that cells from human tissue sites (blood, LNs, bone marrow, lung) undergo conserved state transitions during activation. However, these studies were performed suspension culture dissociated tissue, depleting spatial signaling contr...

objective(s):transforming growth factor-β(tgf-β) is involved in colorectal cancer (crc). the sd-208 acts as an anti-cancer agent in different malignancies via tgf-β signaling. this work aims to show the effect of manipulation of tgf-β signaling on some mirnas implicated in crc. materials and methods: we investigated the effects of sd-208 on sw-48, a colon adenocarcinoma cell line. the cell line...

Introduction: The inflammatory response requires a coordinated integration of various signaling pathway including cyclooxygenase (COX). COX catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Among prostaglandins, 15-Deoxy-D12, 14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), an endogenous ligand of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), has been demonstrated to have anti-inflam...

This volume focuses on the computational modeling of cell signaling networks and application these models model-based analysis to systems

Abstract Background and Aims Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease of the kidney glomerulus. Although substantial advances have been made in understanding molecular bases IMN last 10 years, there remain largely unanswered questions. Method To define transcriptomic landscape at single-cell resolution, we analyzed samples from 6 patients with idiopathic 2...

Progress in bioengineering and nanotechnology has led to advances implantable nanoscale devices. Providing synthetic molecular communication among these devices is an ongoing unsolved challenge. Biological systems inspire promising approaches for engineering data communication, but noises from dynamic tissue signaling result low rate high latency. Thus, error control techniques become critical ...

Cell signaling is essential for individual cells to execute various tasks and respond changes in their environment. It carried out via diffusing molecules, whose transport often aided by directional advection. How diffusion advection together impact the accuracy of information transmission during remains poorly understood. Here, we study this problem using a simplified model signal presence abs...

gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (gca)is one of the few malignancies with unexplained reasons that have increased sharply in developed countries. the purpose of this review was to determine the pathways in gca to identify new biomarker. so by comparing gene expression in gca group with normal control identified important pathways. gene expression data were extracted from the beforehand investigati...