Cigarette smoking-a crucial modifiable risk factor for organ system diseases and cancer-remains prevalent in the United States and globally. In this literature review, we aim to summarize the epidemiology of cigarette smoking and tobacco use in the United States, pharmacology of nicotine-the active constituent of tobacco, and health consequence of cigarette smoking. This article also reviews be...

background: cigarette butts have been shown to release numerous kinds of chemicals such as heavy metals in water and may be a continual source of aquatic environments contamination after discarding. the objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of cd and pb in cigarette filters of different iranian and non-iranian brands in smoked and non-smoked samples. methods: ten dif...

Background: Smoking is one of the major modifiable non-communicable disease risk factors. Our aim was to report the pattern of active and passive smoking using the data collected through a population base household survey in Kerman, Iran. Methods: Given a cluster random sampling design, we recruited 5900 adult populations (15-75 years old) into a survey. After consenting, every participant was ...

PURPOSE: Smoking often causes acute and chronic cardiovascular disorders. Cigarette smoking increases oxidative stress, reduces nitric oxide bioavailability, changes the extracellular matrix, impairing arterial stiffness. However, regular physical activity cessation significantly rapidly reverse detrimental effects. This narrative review summarizes relevant research that describes impacts of ci...

INTRODUCTION Given that little is known about the price-related cigarette brand preferences of youths, the current study seeks to characterise cigarette brand preferences and examine factors associated with smoking discount or native cigarette brands among Canadian youths who are current smokers. METHODS This study used nationally representative data collected from 71,003 grade 5-12 students ...

background: cigarette smoking has several known detrimental effect on cardiovascular system.  qt dispersion (qtd) is among the important predictors of cardiac death.   objective:   to assess the acute effect of smoking of a single standard cigarette on qt and qtc (corrected qt) dispersion, hence on the risk of ventricular arrhythmias in healthy smokers and non-smokers.   methods: 111 healthy me...

INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking has adverse effects on kidney transplant recipients, causing cardiovascular disease, kidney function impairment, and cancer. However, there are surprisingly few studies on the impact of cigarette smoking among kidney transplant recipients and its consequences after transplantation. We performed a systematic review of the literature to identify the effects of cigar...

experimental study of the etiology of " rum fits " and delirium tremens. cigarette: Alternative method of nicotine delivery. of cigarette smoking by orally administered nicotine. cigarette size and nicotine content influence smoking and puffing rates? Psycho-controlled trial of nicotine chewing-gum. cigarette smoke monitor designed for the direct measurement of smoke particulate matter generate...

Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent in people with substance use disorders (SUDs) and is associated with significant physical health problems. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is also highly associated with both SUDs and cigarette smoking and may serve as a barrier to smoking cessation efforts. In addition, people with PTSD are more likely to hold positive smoking outcome expectancies (i....