1 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science (CIRES) University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA 2 Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA 3 Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA 4 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 5 National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boul...

Symbiotic interactions between organisms are important for human health and biotechnological applications. Microbial mutualism is a widespread phenomenon and is important in maintaining natural microbial communities. Although cooperative interactions are prevalent in nature, little is known about the processes that allow their initial establishment, govern population dynamics and affect evoluti...

Tourismus ist ein multidimensionales Phänomen, das nicht nur einen wichtigen globalen Wirtschaftssektor darstellt, sondern auch geografische Muster, soziale Gemeinschaften, regionale Wirtschaftsnetzwerke und politische Beziehungen beeinflusst. Aufgrund der umfassenden Natur des integrativen Charakters Tourismussektors gab es schon immer Bestrebungen, diesen Untersuchungsgegenstand auf Grundlage...

Multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) is an optimization technique inspired by bird flocking, which has been steadily gaining attention from the research community because of its high convergence speed. On the other hand, in the face of increasing complexity and dimensionality of today’s application coupled with its tendency of premature convergence due to the high convergence spe...

Cooperative (co-op) advertising plays a significant role in marketing programs in conventional supply chains and makes up the majority of promotional budgets in many product lines for both manufacturers and retailers. Nevertheless, most studies to date on co-op advertising have only assumed that the market demand is only influenced by the advertising level but not in any way by the retail price...

There are many recent interests on cooperative communication (CC) in wireless networks. Despite the large capacity gain of CC in small wireless networks, CC can result in severe interference in large networks and even degraded throughput. The aim of this chapter is to concurrently exploit multi-radio and multi-channel (MRMC) and CC technique to combat co-channel interference and improve the per...

The co-operative banking sector has become a major force in the socio-economic development of the European continent’s and is increasingly becoming an important part of the continents banking sector. By applying the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach, this paper evaluates the efficiency of cooperative banks from some selected European countries during a period of 2008–2013. The results of...

Joint-stock cooperative company is not recognized in Commercial Code of Iran and the amendment bill of the Commercial Code adopted in 1968. This business entity has a unique description because of both being cooperative and having joint stock. It is a joint-stock company that is chartered based on Commercial Code of Iran, amendment bill of the Commercial Code adopted in 1968, and Principle 44 o...