a emph{signed graph} (or, in short, emph{sigraph}) $s=(s^u,sigma)$ consists of an underlying graph $s^u :=g=(v,e)$ and a function $sigma:e(s^u)longrightarrow {+,-}$, called the signature of $s$. a emph{marking} of $s$ is a function $mu:v(s)longrightarrow {+,-}$. the emph{canonical marking} of a signed graph $s$, denoted $mu_sigma$, is given as $$mu_sigma(v) := prod_{vwin e(s)}sigma(vw).$$the li...

The majority of graphs whose sandpile groups are known either regular or simple. We give an explicit formula for a family non-regular multi-graphs called thick cycles . A cycle graph is where multi-edges permitted. Its group the direct sum cyclic orders given by quotients greatest common divisors minors its Laplacian matrix. show these can be expressed in terms monomials graph’s edge multiplici...

The Merrifield-Simmons index is one of the most popular topological indices in chemistry and in mathematical properties; there is a correlation between this index and boiling points. The MerrifieldSimmons index of a graph is defined as the total number of its independent sets, including the empty set. This paper proposed an edge grafting theorem operation, which is certain kind of edge moving b...

A connected graph is said to be k-cycle resonant if, for 16 t6 k, any t disjoint cycles in G are mutually resonant, that is, there is a perfect matching M of G such that each of the t cycles is an M -alternating cycle. The concept of k-cycle resonant graphs was introduced by the present authors in 1994. Some necessary and su6cient conditions for a graph to be k-cycle resonant were also given. I...