Though there are undoubtedly multiple functions for glutathione yet to be appreciated we do know that glutathione is: • a co-factor for the glutathione peroxidases, which are crucial selenium-containing antioxidant enzymes. • a co-factor for glutathione S-transferases, enzymes which are involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, including carcinogens. • involved in the regeneration of ascor...

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins were first recognized for their role in multidrug resistance (MDR) in chemotherapeutic treatments, which is a major impediment for the successful treatment of many forms of malignant tumors in humans. These proteins, highly conserved throughout vertebrate species, were later related to cellular detoxification and accounted as responsible for protecting aquati...

Liver is the primary organ for glucose metabolism. Apart from expressing the enzymes involved in glucose metabolism and regulation, liver possesses numerous enzymes involved in detoxification and toxicity enhancement (Phase I and Phase II). Also, most substances, upon entry into the body are primarily subjected to metabolism in the liver. Reports dealing with the effects of high glucose on live...

Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram-negative bacterium found in a wide variety of tropical and subtropical ecosystems. The complete genome sequence of C. violaceum ATCC 12472 is now available, and it has considerable biotechnological potential for various applications, such as environmental detoxification, as well as medical and agricultural use. We examined the biotechnological potential of C....

The aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are a superfamily of NAD(P)H-linked oxidoreductases, which reduce aldehydes and ketones to their respective primary and secondary alcohols. AKR enzymes are increasingly being recognized to play an important role in the transformation and detoxification of aldehydes and ketones generated during drug detoxification and xenobiotic metabolism. Many transcription fact...

Peroxiredoxins are important hydroperoxide detoxification enzymes, yet have only come to the fore in recent years relative to the other major players in peroxide detoxification, heme-containing catalases and peroxidases and glutathione peroxidases. These cysteine-dependent peroxidases exhibit high reactivity with hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite and play major roles ...

Copper (Cu) is the active center of some enzymes because of its redox-active property, although that property could have harmful effects. Because of this, cells have strict regulation/detoxification systems for this metal. In this study, multi-disciplinary approaches, such as speciation and elemental imaging of Cu, were applied to reveal the detoxification mechanisms for Cu in cells bearing a d...

Zebra fish is preferred as a model organism because of the ease with which zebrafish development is followed from the transparent egg stage onwards; it is possible to scrutinize the defects in different developmental stages by xenobiotic onslaughts. It has been amply recorded that most of the xenobiotics go through the three phases of detoxification covering hydroxylation, reduction and oxidati...