introduction: in recent years spatial justice has gained special importance among planners and geographers. since the urban public services form the structure, shape and the nature of the physical, social and urban space, inequities in their distribution cause irreversible negative effects on the structure and the nature of city and social segregation of the people, and serious challenges in th...

The progressive development of shopping centers in the world affects urban structure cities. These facilities are constantly evolving, which also entails changes way their vicinity is shaped. In this context, article deals with trend locating and developing center areas, showing taking place over years. subject investigations areas Kraków’s centers—their spatial distribution land developed. aim...

A graph is distance-hereditary if the distance between any two vertices in a connected induced subgraph is the same as in the original graph. In this paper, we study metric properties of distance-hereditary graphs. In particular, we determine the structures of centers and medians of distance-hereditary and related graphs. The relations between eccentricity, radius, and diameter of such graphs a...

In the event of a catastrophic bio-terror attack, major urban centers need to efficiently distribute large amounts of medicine to the population. In this paper, we consider a facility location problem to determine the points in a large city where medicine should be handed out to the population. We consider locating capacitated facilities in order to maximize coverage, taking into account a dist...

Spatio-temporal characterization of urban expansion is the first step towards understanding how cities grow in space. We summarize two approaches used measurement, namely, concentric-ring analysis and grid-based analysis. Concentric-ring divides areas into a series rings, which to quantify distance decay elements from city centers. Grid-based partitions regular grids that are interpret local dy...