Background National licensing examinations (NLEs) are large-scale examinations usually taken by medical doctors close to the point of graduation from medical school. Where NLEs are used, success is usually required to obtain a license for full practice. Approaches to national licensing, and the evidence that supports their use, varies significantly across the globe. This paper aims to develop a...

Graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs are specialized licensing systems for beginner drivers adopted in all U.S. states, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. GDL programs reduce novice drivers' exposure to high-risk driving situations while they gain driving experience. Several studies document the success of GDL programs overall in reducing young teen crash rates. However, little is known a...

OBJECTIVE Driver licensing agencies are faced with an increasing population of drivers who are seeking to maintain driving privileges whilst coping with functional changes associated with health, disability, or aging-related issues. Some of these changes impact upon the motor, sensory, and cognitive capacities essential for safe motor vehicle operation. The driver assessment process, as provide...

PROBLEM The implementation of Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) programs has significantly improved the crash and fatality rates of novice teen drivers, but these rates remain unacceptably high. METHOD A review of adolescent development research was undertaken to identify potential areas of improvement. RESULTS Research support for GDL was found to be strong, particularly regarding early acq...

In Australia, one significant cause of the imprisonment and disadvantage First Nations people relates to transport injustice. face obstacles in becoming lawful road users, particularly relation acquiring driver licences, with driving unlicensed a common pathway into criminal justice system. This paper identifies that while some programs focus on increasing licensing for people, there are limita...

Despite recent reductions in motor vehicle injury rates in New Zealand, the rates for young drivers and especially young Māori drivers remain disproportionately high. This is commonly associated with driver inexperience and led to the development of road safety initiatives such as graduated driver licensing to increase beginner driver experience in low risk situations. There is anecdotal eviden...