BACKGROUND Diarrhoeal diseases remain a major cause of mortality of children aged under-five years in the developing countries including Nepal. The transmission of diarrhoea mostly caused by biological agents and is facilitated by the behavioural, social and environmental factors. More recently, the concept of prevention altering these factors is getting momentum. OBJECTIVE To recommend the m...

This socio-economic review provides an overview of the sanitation crisis in slum areas, and re-emphasizes the importance of sanitation. It highlights a lack of recognition of actual drivers for sanitation improvements, and the complexities in the provision of sanitation services in the context of urban slums with a mix of tenants and landlords. It elaborates how the drivers of demand for sanita...

Survey of sanitation conditions by qualitative sanitation measurement were carried out in three districts, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. The sanitation of each household was assessed in terms of positive stool examination and scores of seven main sanitary activities which were used to classify each household's sanitation as hygienic or non-hygienic. Stool collections were made from each hous...

Sanitation improvement is crucial in saving lives that are lost due to water contamination. Progress towards achieving full sanitation coverage is still slow in low-income informal settlements in most developing countries. Furthermore, resources are being wasted on installing facilities that are later misused or never used because they do not meet the local demand. Understanding demand for impr...

Decentralised enhanced watersan solutions have been largely viewed as inappropriate, unworkable and relatively costly for developing countries. They have not been viewed as a viable option for low cost sustainable potable water supplies and/or sanitation solutions. Low cost, high quality sanitation outcomes are now urgent in the context of the MDG goals (1) . Recent advancements and innovations...

In recent years there has been heightened adoption of CLTS approach to improve community sanitation in order prevent or reduce diseases. This review article examines the effects uplifting by way led (CLTS) methodology addressing prevention and reduction hygiene related diseases rural communities, especially developing countries. Systematic was performed searching existing literature. Several ar...

BACKGROUND Research suggests that the lived experience of inadequate sanitation may contribute to poor health outcomes above and beyond pathogen exposure, particularly among women. The goal of this research was to understand women's lived experiences of sanitation by documenting their urination-related, defecation-related and menstruation-related concerns, to use findings to develop a definitio...

This paper provides an overview on the concept of closed loop sanitation systems. A brief outline has been given on existing sanitation facilities in India, ways to implement ecological sanitation and retrofitting of nutrient recovery systems into existing sanitation facilities. In recent times, though India has witnessed phenomenal development in water resources, access to adequate sanitation ...

Improved sanitation access is extremely low in rural Cambodia. Non-governmental organizations have helped build local supply side latrine markets to promote household latrine purchase and use, but households cite inability to pay as a key barrier to purchase. To examine the extent to which microfinance can be used to facilitate household investment in sanitation, we applied a twopronged assessm...

OBJECTIVES To assess whether the joint effects of water and sanitation infrastructure, are acting antagonistically (redundant services preventing the same cases of diarrhoeal disease), independently, or synergistically; and to assess how these effects vary by country and over time. METHODS We used data from 217 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 74 countries between 1986 and 2013. We...