Experimental studies evaluated the vector competence of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), Culex cancer Theobald, Culex pseudes (Dyar and Knab), Culex taeniopus Dyar and Knab, and a Culex (Culex) species, probably Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Culex nigripalpus Theobald from Chiapas, Mexico, and Tocoa, Honduras, for epizootic (IC) and enzootic (IE) strains of Venezuelan equine encephalo...

The ecology of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus transmission was compared at three enzootic foci: two forest sites in the Catatumbo region of western Venezuela that have yielded small numbers of virus isolates since the 1970s, and another focus in the middle Magdalena Valley of Colombia that has consistently yielded many VEE virus isolates. Our results demonstrated dramatic difference...

in this paper, by introducing two virtual decision-making units (dmus) called ideal dmu (idmu) and anti-ideal dmu (admu) with fuzzy inputs-outputs, the efficiency evaluation of dmus are done by fuzzy data envelopment analysis (fdea). therefore, we evaluate dmus from the perspective of the best and worst possible relative efficiency. for each dmu two efficiencies are calculated while inputs and ...

There are two equivalent de nitions of a fuzzy right ideal, fuzzy left ideal, fuzzy bi-ideal or fuzzy quasi-ideal f of an ordered semigroup (or a semigroup) S in the bibliography. The rst one is based on the fuzzy subset f itself, the other on the multiplication of fuzzy sets and the greatest fuzzy subset of S. Investigations in the existing bibliography are based on the rst de nition. The pres...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) produces an acute infection in humans and induces a well-characterized cytopathic effect in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). However, little is known about the role of glial cells in response to VEE infection of the CNS. Our results demonstrate that VEE is capable of a productive infection in primary astrocyte cultures and that this infecti...

First we show that the cosets of a fuzzy ideal μ in a BCK-algebraX form another BCK-algebra  X/μ (called the fuzzy quotient BCK-algebra of X by μ). Also we show thatX/μ is a fuzzy partition of X and we prove several some isomorphism theorems. Moreover we prove that if the associated fuzzy similarity relation of a fuzzy partition P of a commutative BCK-algebra iscompatible, then P is a fuzzy quo...

In this note first we define the notions of fuzzy positive implicativehyper BCK-ideals of types 1,2,3 and 4. Then we prove some theorems whichcharacterize the above notions according to the level subsets. Also we obtainthe relationships among these notions, fuzzy (strong, weak, reflexive) hyperBCK-ideals and fuzzy positive implicative hyper BCK-ideals of types 5,6,7and 8. Then, we define the no...

Endocytic trafficking is a critical mechanism for cells to decode complex signaling pathways, including those activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Heterogeneity in the endosomal network enables GPCR activity to be spatially restricted between early endosomes (EEs) and the recently discovered endosomal compartment, the very early endosome (VEE). However, the molecular machinery driv...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an emerging pathogen of equids and humans, but infection of its rodent reservoir hosts has received little study. To determine whether responses to infection vary among geographic populations, we inoculated 3 populations of cotton rats with 2 enzootic VEEV strains (Co97-0054 [enzootic ID subtype] and 68U201 [enzootic IE subtype]). The 3 populations...