within the components of communicative competence, a special emphasis is put on the “rules of politeness,” specifically the politeness strategies (brown and levinson, 1978) that speakers deploy when performing the request speech act. this is because the degree of imposition that making a request places upon one’s interlocutor(s) has been seen to be influenced by several factors among which, as ...

Many researches are seeking evidence and ways in which spirituality can improve the feeling of suffering and quality of life in drug abuse addicts. This study was aimed to investigate the role of spirituality in feelings of suffering and quality of life in self-introduced addicts referring to addiction treatment centers. The statistical population consisted all of self-introduced addicts referr...

phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...

The purpose of the current research was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles, differentiation of self and  feeling of guilt with moral commitment. the design research is descriptive- correlation.  The participants were 221 female married students in Ahvaz who were selected using  available sampling method.The instruments used were Behavioral Practices Questionnair, Marita C...

until now many studies have been done over recent decades throughout the world to show the right age to start english. in iran, research is still at an early stage in terms of evaluating teachers’ beliefs about teaching children english. the problem of at what age to start teaching english and how to teach english to elementary school children has not been solved neither in this country nor els...