Embarking on a qualitative Ph.D. research project in public administration is often daunting for novice researchers. For those students who consider adopting an emic or insider approach their research, the ethical, methodological, and analytical challenges that lay ahead may seem insurmountable at times. In this article, I reflect my experience as student completing with colleagues to study pol...

This paper compares the function of public vs. private institutions and studies conditions that influence their effectiveness. We use the population of commercial banks in Manhattan from 1840 to 1980 and investigate the impact of banks‟ participation in the New York Clearing House Association, an industry-level cooperative arrangement, and the New York Federal Reserve Bank, the governmental reg...

iranian women's economic participation rate is similar to undeveloped countries, while their educational achievements can be compared with developed countries. the aim of this article is to discuss some of the factors related to the situation. according to the policies of third development plan, the rate of employment in government sector should decline and the opportunities for new employ...

A space can be sacred, providing those who inhabit a particular space with sense of transcendence-being connected to something greater than oneself. The sacredness may be inherent in the space, as for a religious institution or a serene place outdoors. Alternatively, a space may be made sacred by the people within it and events that occur there. As medical providers, we have the opportunity to ...

economic policy consists of various methodologies, approaches and models through which the economists devise strategies to influence the overall economy. the integration of theoretical and practical frameworks provides the ground for emerging new models which are a part of economic system of the countries.each economic model is a combination of specific methodology, theoretical bases and specia...

This study examined a knowledge-centered theory of institutional trust development. In the context of trust in water regulatory institutions, the moderating impact of knowledge was tested to determine if there were longitudinal changes in the bases of institutional trust as a function of increases in knowledge about a target institution. We hypothesized that as people learn about an institution...

the central bank, as an institution that directly controls the monetary system of the country, can also pursue goals such as managing interest rates, volume of currency, inflation, unemployment and even income distribution. in some countries (like iran) it functions as the part of the government and in some other countries the central bank is independent and follows its macro-policies. accordin...