because of the dispersion of activities in big cities, employing highways as the most important connecting way is indispensable. in today world, highways are connection arteries of cities transporting people to their social activities. because of continual use of highway, their walls prepare a context for conveying many social, cultural, economic, etc concepts. that is why most economic promoti...

Highways are an essential component of our society because they are critical to quality of life and to local and national economies. Under good conditions, highways provide a safe and efficient route for people and goods to reach their destinations. However, as a direct consequence of their use, traffic congestion is ever-increasing, undermining the ability of highways to adequately provide an ...

The design of efficient routing algorithms is an important issue in dense ad hoc wireless networks. Previous work has shown that benefits can be achieved through the creation of a set of data “highways” that carry packets across the network, from source(s) to sink(s). Current approaches to the design of these highways however require a–priori knowledge of the global network topology, with conse...

Through utilizing US state-level data at annual frequency from 1976 to 2008, this paper documents a causal effect of infrastructure investments, specifically public spending on highways, on income inequality. The number of seats in the US House of Representatives Committee On Appropriations serves as a valid instrument to identify quasi-random variations in state-level spending on highways. Whe...

The study of various countries rail transportation indicators is an appropriate criterion for evaluating the existing performance of Iranian railways. The experiences of other countries can be used to improve the efficiency of Iran’s rail transportation. At the beginning of the study, in order to compare the Iranian railway performance with railways of other countries, various efficiency indica...

Railways were originally uniquely identified with the material of their initial construction and now are technically identified by the characteristic contact of ‘steel wheel on steel rail’. Over 160 years ago failures of iron railway axles led to research into what we now know as metal fatigue. Accidents throughout the ages have acted as catalysts for research and improvements: this lecture wil...

Tolls are a recurring but not continuous feature in major highway financing policy in Spain. User tolls were the model used to finance the first expansion of the highway network, in the 60’s and early 70’s. The second wave of the highway network expansion took place in the late 80’s and early 90’s. The public budget was the usual source of funds used to pay for the highways built in this period...