Early-tier studies are the initial step in the environmental risk assessment of genetically engineered plants on nontarget arthropods. They are conducted in the laboratory where surrogate species are exposed to higher concentrations of the arthropod-active compound than those expected to occur in the Þeld. Thus, early-tier tests provide robust data and allow to make general conclusions about th...

BACKGROUND Flowers are admirable in scenic good looks and artistic beautification. These are also playing necessary roles in therapeutic preparations. Aphid is an important sucking pest of various flowers in ornamental territories and it is generally controlled by predators, so it was necessary to evaluate which aphid species affect the predator more or less. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biocontrol ...

شرایط اکولوژیک مثل دسترسی به غذای کافی و مناسب از عواملی است که می‌تواند روی رفتار جانوران تاثیرگذار باشد. حشرات مختلفی در زمان گرسنگی سعی می‌کنند تا رفتارهای آمیزشی طول مدت آمیزش را کاهش دهند. هدف این مطالعه، بررسی اثر بر عملکرد کفشدوزک Hippodamia variegata بود. آزمایش، نرها ماده‌های ۱۰ ۱۵ روزه باکره استفاده شد. هر تکرار، یک نر ماده ۳ ساعت (از ۱۲ الی ۱۵) برای کنار هم قرار داده شدند ‌زمان تاخیر...

coccinellids play a major role in aphid control. hippodamia variegata goeze is an aphidophagous predator of worldwide distribution that could be found in different parts of iran. one of the criteria for evaluating the efficiency of a predator is its response to change in prey population density (functional response). the functional responses of males and females of hippodamia variegata were stu...

Demographic toxicology is recommended for toxicity determination of the long term effects of a pesticide since it gives a more accurate and efficient measure of the effect of a pesticide. Thus, in the current study the sublethal effects of pirimicarb (carbamate insecticide) two concentrations of LC30 and LC10 were used against third instar larvae of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) in order to dete...

Purposeful attraction and aggregation of adult Coccinellidae at target sites would be useful for sampling purposes and pest suppression. We field-tested 1) lures in yellow and black pyramidal traps and 2) pyramidal traps that had been painted one or two colors (without lures) to determine if lures or trap color affected capture of adult Coccinellidae. In only one experiment with lures did a sin...