Background and Objectives: Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. This is due to migration of peripherally activated lymphocytes to central nervous system leading to inflammatory lesions. However, liver has an anti-inflammatory microenvironment. Myelin expression in the liver of transgenic mice suppresses inflammatory lesions within central nervous system. ...

Background & Objective: There is a complicated interaction between leishmaniasis and the host immune cells, and also between the host immune cells. These interactions have fundamental effects on the outcome of the disease. The current study aimed at characterizing the number, distribution, co-localization, and interrelation of 4 types of inflamma...

mast cells are a heterogeneous population of granulocytic cells in the immune system. mast cell granules contain numerous mediators, including neurotransmitters, cytokines, chemokines and lipid-derived factors. in addition to their well-known role in immune inflammation, the presence of mast cells in the meninges and perivascular space in the central nervous system points to their role in brain...

Shiga toxins (Stxs) are bacterial virulence factors produced by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and Escherichia coli strains. Stxs are critical factors for the development of diseases such as severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Additionally, Stxs trigger the secretion of pro- inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, particularly in monocytes or macrophages. The inflammatory cyto...

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Studies have indicated that immune cells and soluble factors play a key role in maintaining the balance between tumor-promoting inflammation and anti-tumor immunity. It has been shown that secreted cytokines from CRC cell lines could affect peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocytes, and macrophages phenot...

shiga toxins (stxs) are bacterial virulence factors produced by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and escherichia coli strains. stxs are critical factors for the development of diseases such as severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. additionally, stxs trigger the secretion of pro- inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, particularly in monocytes or macrophages. the inflammatory cyto...

multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which t cells experience a second phase of activation, which ultimately leads to axonal demyelination and neurological disability. the recent advances in stem cell therapies may serve as potential treatments for neurological disorders. there are broad types of stem cells such as neural, embryonic, mesenchymal and hem...

Mesenchymal stem cells can be obtained from deferent tissues like adipose tissue, umbilical cord, placenta, skin, bone marrow, etc. These cells have regulatory effects on all types of immune cells such as dendritic cell, natural killers and lymphocytes. Mesenchymal stem cells induce inhibitory phenotypes of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) following their activity. They also change T cells pheno...

Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) is an endemic virus in Iran and other regions that is associated with multiple diseases including adult T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma and a chronic debilitating neuroinflammatory disease, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is seen in approximately 2% of HTLV-1-infected people with symptoms such as back pain, weakne...

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that may lead to disability of the patient. Current MS treatment regimens are still insufficient and research is conducted for developing more effective therapies capable of targeting neurodegeneration, inflammation, and demyelination. Recent results of experimental and clinical studies in ...