background: the compositions of ferrous sulphate, agarose and xylenol orange dye (fax) and ferrous sulphate, gelatin and xylenol orange dye (fgx) in solution of distilled water and sulphuric acid are two tissue-equivalent gel dosimeters. ionizing radiation causes oxidation of fe2+ ion to fe3+ ions which diffuse through the gel matrix and blur the image of absorbed dose over a period of hours af...

An ion-beam microcontouring process is developed and implemented for figuring millimeter scale optics. Ion figuring is a noncontact machining technique in which a beam of high-energy ions is directed toward a target substrate to remove material in a predetermined and controlled fashion. Owing to this noncontact mode of material removal, problems associated with tool wear and edge effects, which...

An example simulation of Au+ charge breeding using FAR-TECH's integrated EBIS (electron beam ion source) modeling toolset is presented with the emphasis on ion beam injection and extraction. The trajectories of injected ions are calculated with PBGUNS (particle beam gun simulation) self-consistently by including the space charges from both ions and electrons. The ion beam, starting with initial...

In heavy ion accelerators the beam line vacuum is effected by lost ions impinging on the beam pipe. Due to ion induced desorption gas is released from the walls into the vacuum. This vacuum degeneration effects the ion beam life time and is a serious luminosity limitation for a heavy ion synchrotron like SIS18. Here we report on a new approach to understand the physics of the ion induced desorp...

Designing optimized ECR ion beam sources can be streamlined by the accurate simulation of beam optical properties in order to predict ion extraction behavior. The complexity of these models, however, can make PICbased simulations time-consuming. In this paper, we first describe a simple kinetic plasma finite element simulation of extraction of a proton beam from a permanent magnet hexapole elec...

The high density Lead ion beams, needed for LHC, are obtained in the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) at CERN by multi-turn injection followed by electron cooling and stacking. During this injection and stacking phases, where the circulating beam is unbunched, diagnostics with Schottky noise are used for probing essential beam parameters, such as tune, momentum spread, emittance and their evolution w...