Abstract: Ball mills are used in the last stage of ore processing for grinding raw materials. Forged 70Cr2 alloy steel and Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) balls are materials from which grinding balls are made for Sarcheshmeh Copper Plant (SCP) ball mills. In the present study wear and impact properties of these two kinds of balls have been investigated. Some balls randomly were selected as ...

This work investigates the nature of technological development and the viability of applying an evolutionary approach to the early development of iron production in Sri Lanka. The main objective of this paper is to use modern techniques in the fields of Physics and Engineering to investigate the wind-driven furnace used in early iron and steel producing industry dating to 300 B.C. In order to s...

The development of methods and apparatus for magnetic measurements capable of an accuracy of i per cent makes it necessary to consider factors which have heretofore been considered negligible. One of these factors, the temperature coefficient of magnetic permeability, is the subject of the present paper. Many workers have studied the effects of temperature on the magnetic permeability of iron a...

Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) iron carbides play an important role in steel processing and in steel products. The recent discovery of novel ultrafine (2-5 nm) iron carbide (ε'-Fe2+xC) precipitates in TRIP steel sheds a new light on the hcp family of carbides. Here we present a first-principles study on the relative stability, and the electronic, magnetic properties of the ε'-Fe2C phases. Differe...

Combining modern thermodynamics theory branches, including finite time thermodynamics or entropy generation minimization, constructal theory and entransy theory, with metallurgical process engineering, this paper provides a new exploration on generalized thermodynamic optimization theory for iron and steel production processes. The theoretical core is to thermodynamically optimize performances ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the acceptability of iron and iron-alloy cooking pots prior to an intervention trial and to investigate factors affecting retention and use. DESIGN Pre-trial research was conducted on five types of iron and iron-alloy pots using focus group discussions and a laboratory evaluation of Fe transfer during cooking was undertaken. Usage and retention during the subsequent inte...

the histry of metal production sepecia11y iron-and steelmaking from 7000 b.c. in iran and in the world is presented in this paper. the planned steel making projects for iran since 17 century up to present is explained

The demand for cleaner steels increases every year. In addition to lowering non-metallic oxide inclusions and controlling their size distribution, morphology, and composition, clean steel requires control of sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen, nitrogen and even carbon, and minimizing metallic impurity elements such as As, Sn, Sb, Se, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Te and Bi. These requirements vary with steel grade...