Many urban settlements result from a spatially distributed, decentralized building process. Here we analyze the topological patterns of organization of a large collection of such settlements using the approach of complex networks. The global efficiency (based on the inverse of shortest-path lengths), robustness to disconnections and cost (in terms of length) of these graphs is studied and their...

Reductions in hunter-gatherer mobility during the Late Pleistocene influenced settlement ecologies, altered human relations with animal communities, and played a pivotal role in domestication. The influence of variability in human mobility on selection dynamics and ecological interactions in human settlements has not been extensively explored, however. This study of mice in modern African villa...

I. Conceptual studies of market liquidity Dupont, D " The effects of transaction costs on depth and spread " Gravelle, T " The market microstructure of dealership equity and government securities markets: how they differ " Muranaga, J and Shimizu, T " Market microstructure and market liquidity " Ui, T " Transparency and liquidity in securities markets " II. Empirical studies of market liquidity...

Intellectual property rights are widely recognized as critical assets in many industries, especially “high-tech” industries. Companies like IBM, Intel, and Hewlett-Packard regard their patents and copyrights, along with their other intangible assets such as know-how, as central elements giving them competitive advantage. Likewise, many software companies, from Microsoft to software startups see...

The daily man-biting activity of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus and An. (Kerteszia) neivai was determined in four ecologically distinct settlements of the Naya River, Department of Valle, Colombia. Differences were found among the settlements with respect to the mosquito species present, intradomiciliary and extradomiciliary biting activity and population densities.

Detecting informal settlements might be one of the most challenging tasks within urban remote sensing. This phenomenon occurs mostly in developing countries. In order to carry out the urban planning and development tasks necessary to improve living conditions for the poorest world-wide, an adequate spatial data basis is needed (see Mason, O. S. & Fraser, C. S., 1998). This can only be obtained ...