in this study the role of cell death in cartilage canal morphogenesis with morphometrical and histological methods was evaluated. the proximal tibial epiphysis of the chick embryos after fixation and decalcification at the 13 th and 18th days of incubation, with thick and semithin sections and h&e; ,tricromason and feulgen staining were studied. the rsulths were showed that cartilage canals wer...

Skeletal muscle contractions are necessary during embryonic life for the normal development of joints. The general features of joint development in immobile limbs were first studied with the techniques of grafting and organ culture. (Murray, 1926; Murray & Selby, 1930; Fell, 1925; Fell & Canti, 1934; Hamburger & Waugh, 1940; Lelkes, 1958). However, these methods of necessity entail a drastic al...

INTRODUCTION Congenital dysplasia of the hip is an abnormal seating of the femoral head in the acetabulum, mainly caused by shallow acetabulum and lax joint capsule. Genetic factors play a considerable role in the pathogenesis of congenital dysplasia of the hip. The gene growth differentiate factor 5 (GDF5) has been implicated in skeletal development and joint morphogenesis in humans and mice. ...

Hox11 genes are essential for zeugopod skeletal element development but their roles in synovial joint formation remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the elbow and knee joints of mouse embryos lacking all Hox11 paralogous genes are specifically remodeled and reorganized. The proximal ends of developing mutant ulna and radius elements became morphologically similar and formed an anatomicall...

Carotenoids are secondary metabolites synthesized in plastids that function photosynthesis, photoprotection, growth and development of plants. contribute to the yellowish, orange pinkish-red hues leaves, flowers fruits, as well various aromas. They provide substrates for biosynthesis phytohormones cleavable into smaller apocarotenoids retrograde signals and/or mediate intracellular communicatio...