On an otherwise symmetric oligopoly market with stochastic demands for heterogeneous products firms can either hire an employee or partner or buy the required labor input on the labor market. Whereas the wage of hired labor does not depend on the realization of stochastic demand, the price of bought labor input reacts positively to product demand. We first solve the market by deriving the equil...

In this paper, it is argued that physically abundant labor is not necessarily cheap labor. The latter depends upon the cost of food staples. Given the non-tradability of the latter, rapid growth without rapid agricultural productivity growth will make labor increasingly costly. This will make the transition to labor intensive manufacturing and the exportation of such products very difficult. Mo...

The prospect of immigration reform has renewed farmers’ concerns of serious labor shortages and cost increases, which may urge highly labor-intensive specialty crop farmers to switch to less-labor-intensive technology. The large-scale mechanization of the Florida sugarcane harvest during the 1970s/80s serves as an historical example of how technologies evolved due to changes in local labor mark...

This paper investigates how the labor market institutions that characterize most of the European countries affect the integration process of younger workers on the labor market. We argue that young workers have private information about their abilities when entering the labor market. However, this information asymmetry does not prevail as the production process reveals the worker’s type. Advers...

The concept of emotional labor, introduced by Hochschild in 1983, refers to the “process by which workers are expected to manage their feelings in accordance with organizationally defined rules and guidelines”. For instance, judges are expected to appear impartial, nurses—compassionate and police officers—authoritative. While software development has been traditionally stereotyped as a nerdy “l...

BACKGROUND: Labor pain is a physiological process caused by the contraction of uterus muscle as an effort to open cervix and push baby’s head toward pelvis. One treatments giving nurses reduce counter-pressure therapy. AIM: The aim study was determine effect therapy using tennis balls level in first stage during active phase labor. METHODS: It quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest one group ...

abstract background: the experience of labor and birth, referred to as childbirth, is complex, multidimensional, and subjective, relating to both the outcome and the process that is experienced by an individual woman. the aim of this study was to describe the experience of childbirth among kurdish women giving birth at besat hospital in sanandaj, iran. materials and methods: a qualitative study...

OBJECTIVES The labor pain is one of the most severe pains that a woman could ever be suffered. Today, many medical and psychological methods are used in an effort to reduce labor pain.Epidural analgesia is the best current method used for the purposes of obstetric analgesia. METHODS The study was carried out on 60 ASA-I pregnant women whose 3 to 6 cm of cervical dilatation, treated in Health ...

Abstract While the level of women’s participation in the labor market is on the rise in the world, the level of participation of Iranian women has not proportionately increased, and women constitute only a small portion of the active population in Iran. Among factors affecting women’s participation in the labor market are the decisions concerning retirement and the willingness to work by the m...