Wireless communications from air to fresh water are studied here. Our analysis relies on plane wave propagation models. Specifically, the transmission loss and propagation loss of RF waves penetrating into fresh water are calculated for various propagation depths. Even though RF wireless communications are not well suited for seawater due to its high attenuation, our paper illustrates that RF c...

Photopic contrast sensitivity of air-breathing scuba divers was measured with a translucent test pattern at depths up to 40 m. The pattern was composed of sine wave gratings with spatial frequency and contrast changing logarithmically. The spatial transfer characteristics were measured at various depths under controlled optical conditions in seawater and in fresh water. Analysis indicates that ...

Recent work has revealed the molecular mechanisms governing one of the most dramatic examples of parallel evolution in nature: the repeated loss of lateral plate armor in freshwater populations of threespine stickleback. Yet, the ecological mechanisms responsible for armor loss remain unclear. Using a balanced experimental design, we examined Heuts' (1947) hypothesis that selection due to diffe...

With the world’s population set to increase by 65% (3.7 billion) by ∼2050, the additional food required to feed future generations will put further enormous pressure on freshwater resources. This is because agriculture is the largest single user of fresh water, accounting for ∼75% of current human water use. At present ∼7% of the world’s population live in areas where water is scarce. This is p...

INTRODUCTION During 1970, the amount of ground water pumped in the southern and southeastern sections The economic development of any area is tied of Florida (which includes Broward, Dade and to its natural resource base. Water, one of the most Palm Beach counties) for municipal water use was important of these natural resources, is used for a 121 billion gallons. multitude of purposes includin...

The IXth and the Xth cranial nerves in Anguilla anguilla were transected, and the effects upon ion and water balance were studied in fresh water and sea water, and during transfer from fresh water and vice versa. In fresh water there is a slow demineralization due to an excess loss of Na and Cl ions. During freshwater to seawater transfer the eel survives only for 4-5 days. The fish do not drin...

Issues of surfaces, e.g., inspired from beetle's back, spider silk, cactus stem, etc., become the active area of research on designing novel materials in need of human beings to acquire fresh water resource from air. However, the design of materials on surface structure is little achieved on controlling of micro-scale drop transport in a long distance. Here, we report the ability of micro-drop ...

T recent past has shown two parallel developments: the water resources community discovered the relevance of supply chain thinking for water resources management and freshwater allocation, while the life cycle assessment (LCA) community recognized the importance of water use and included those related impacts in LCA studies. The water footprint concept was introduced by Arjen Hoekstra as an ind...