todays, productivity and efficiency of irrigation have been in the center of the many water-related issues. by using sprinkler irrigation systems in addition to watering easier and automatic, that is a device for raising water application uniformity and efficiency which ultimately will save water consumption and production increase. in this study, four fixed irrigation systems of khorramabad ci...

This is the first report of an epicaridean isopod infecting cephalopods. Three cryptoniscus larvae (Isopoda, Epicaridea) were recognized externally and found entirely embedded in the oral bulb at the beginning of the esophagus of two female Patagonian squid (Loligo gahi) sampled in North Peruvian and South Chilean waters, respectively. There was an extremely low prevalence (< 2%) and mean inten...

Chlorination has been the major means of disinfecting drinking water in Taiwan. The use of chlorinated water has been hypothesized to lead to several adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight and preterm delivery. We performed a study to examine the relationship between the use of chlorinated water and adverse birth outcomes in Taiwan. The study areas included 14 chlorinating municipal...

There is a general consensus that today's deep-sea biodiversity has largely resulted from recurrent invasions and speciations occurring through homogenous waters during periods of the Phanerozoic eon. Migrations likely continue today, primarily via isothermal water columns, such as those typical of Polar Regions, but the necessary ecological and physiological adaptations behind them are poorly ...

BACKGROUND Acceptance and long-term sustainability of water quality interventions are pivotal to realizing continued health benefits. However, there is limited research attempting to understand the factors that influence compliance to or adoption of such interventions. METHODS Eight focus group discussions with parents of young children--including compliant and not compliant households partic...