We explain in detail how to expose and conduct electrophysiological recordings of synaptic responses for high (phasic) and low (tonic) output motor neurons innervating the extensor muscle in the walking leg of a crayfish. Distinct differences are present in the physiology and morphology of the phasic and tonic nerve terminals. The tonic axon contains many more mitochondria, enabling it to take ...

the lane change maneuver is among the most popular driving behaviors. it is also the basic element of important maneuvers like overtaking maneuver. therefore, it is chosen as the focus of this study and novel multi-input multi-output adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system models (manfis) are proposed for this behavior. these models are able to simulate and predict the future behavior of a driver...

One of the problems of the data envelopment analysis traditional models in the multiple form that is the weights corresponding to certain inputs and outputs are considered zero in the calculation of efficiency and this means that not all input and output components are utilized for the evaluation of efficiency, as some are ignored. The above issue causes the efficiency score of the under evalua...

Temporal difference learning models of dopamine assert that phasic levels of dopamine encode a reward prediction error. However, this hypothesis has been challenged by recent observations of gradually ramping stratal dopamine levels as a goal is approached. This note describes conditions under which temporal difference learning models predict dopamine ramping. The key idea is representational: ...

Vasopressin neurons, responding to input generated by osmotic pressure, use an intrinsic mechanism to shift from slow irregular firing to a distinct phasic pattern, consisting of long bursts and silences lasting tens of seconds. With increased input, bursts lengthen, eventually shifting to continuous firing. The phasic activity remains asynchronous across the cells and is not reflected in the p...

Phasic neurons, which do not fire repetitively to steady depolarization, are found at various stages of the auditory system. Phasic neurons are commonly described as band-pass filters because they do not respond to low-frequency inputs even when the amplitude is large. However, we show that phasic neurons can encode low-frequency inputs when noise is present. With a low-threshold potassium curr...

OBJECTIVE Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has a suppressing effect on epileptic activity. This effect might be directly related to neuronal desynchronization mediated by cholinergic neurotransmission. We investigated whether interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and high frequency oscillations-a biomarker of the epileptogenic zone-are evenly distributed across phasic and tonic REM sleep. We ...