introduction: anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tdcs) of the primary motor cortex (m1) has been shown to be effective in increasing corticomotor excitability. 　methods: we investigated whether longer applications of a-tdcs coincide with greater increases in corticomotor excitability compared to shorter application of a-tdcs. ten right-handed healthy participants received one ses...

Scaling laws are derived as a function of laser wavelength for various quantities of interest for a single stage of a channel-guided laser wakefield accelerator. Comparisons are made for drive laser pulses of equal energies. Scalings that favor short or long wavelengths depend on the quantity that is to be optimized. For example, holding the number of electrons per bunch constant favors shorter...

Both recognition and recall of pictures improve as picture presentation time increases and as time between pictures increases. Processing of the pictures, rehearsal and/or encoding, continues after the picture has disappeared, just as for verbal material. Both the results and conclusions stand in contrast to those of Shaffer and Shiffrin.

The sun gives light, but it’s a package deal: Sunlight contains “good” wavelengths that plants can use for photosynthesis, but it also contains “bad” wavelengths that can damage cells. For example, the ozone layer absorbs most UV-B (wavelengths 280 to 315 nm) from sunlight; the remaining UV-B makes up less than 0.5% of the total light energy but can damage DNA and the photosynthetic apparatus. ...

We have examined the variability and potential adaptive signi®cance of the wavelengths of light produced by gelatinous zooplankton. Bioluminescence spectra were measured from 100 species of planktonic cnidarians and ctenophores collected between 1 and 3500 m depth. Species averages of maximal wavelengths for all groups ranged from 440 to 506 nm. Ctenophores (41 species) had characteristically l...

We propose a novel Optical Network Units (ONU) migration mechanism within the Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexed PON (TWDM-PON) framework by rearranging the working ONUs to a minimum number of wavelengths and turning off the rest to save power. We show through simulation that the number of working wavelengths can be minimized up to a theoretical lower bound, e.g. 23%, under the typical ON...

BACKGROUND Variants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with different colors would be very useful for simultaneous comparisons of multiple protein fates, developmental lineages and gene expression levels. The simplest way to shift the emission color of GFP is to substitute histidine or tryptophan for the tyrosine in the chromophore, but such blue-shifted point mutants are only dimly fluores...

Electromagnetic wave emission based on optical rectification at terahertz (THz) wavelengths was observed from surface-immobilized gold nanospheres (SIGNs) above a gold surface. Although the excitation wavelength is off-resonant with the localized surface plasmons, the THz emission field was observed to be approximately 4.8 times greater than that from a percolated gold thin film of 10 nm thickn...