has suggested that telomere-binding proteins provide these functions. Telomere-Binding Proteins. The binding proteins that mediate telomere function come in two flavors: double-stranded DNA-binding proteins and single-stranded DNA end–binding proteins. The best-characterized end-Rarely it seems does a new result emerge, loop around, binding protein is the ␣/␤ heterodimer protein from Oxy-and bi...

Cloning of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products can be a valuable research technique, but in practice the technical problems associated with the methodology may limit its usefulness. A variety of methods have been developed that facilitate PCR product cloning. These include blunt-end ligation cloning (5), ligation-independent cloning (1,6), introduction of restriction sites into PCR primers...

ells with shortening telomeres hit two successive barriers: they first stop dividing as they become senescent, and later undergo a cell death process termed crisis. Although crisis may, as suggested by others, be controlled by overall telomere length, and colleagues now blame the onset of senescence on a particular structure at the end of telomeres. The important structure is a single-stranded ...

Financial markets reveal information through which firm managers increase the value of equity, e.g., by improving investment decisions. With debt, however, such decisions are not necessarily socially efficient. We demonstrate that investors’ endogenous information acquisition, acting through this feedback channel, attenuates risk-shifting but amplifies debt overhang. The most ex-ante inefficien...

Some regulators grant contingent convertible bonds (CoCos) the status of “going-concern” capital. Theory, however, suggests that CoCos can induce debt overhang, thereby amplifying leverage ratchet effect. In this paper, we provide empirical evidence consistent with theory. Our results suggest banks more volatile assets (riskier banks) (i) are less likely to issue CoCos, (ii) conditional on havi...