Parasites and pathogens are crucial in shaping immune systems. Many animals especially insects have outsourced part of their function to protective symbionts. There is good evidence that, akin systems, parasites shape the occurrence diversity symbionts that likewise, can parasites. Such a relationship should result correlation between symbiont parasite nature. Aphids well known for possessing p...

A field trials were conducted to assess the helminth parasites of 12 marsh frogs (Rana ridibunda ridibunda) in the Anzali, Astara and Aghbaba regions in the north of Iran in May 1994. Experimental results showed that 83.8% of the Anzali marsh frogs were infected by one or two kinds of metacercarian cysts of digenetic trematodes. The helminth parasites were included Skrjabinoeces breviansa, S. s...

in the present investigation a total of six parasite species, some eye-specific and others non-organ specific parasites were found in the eyes of 48 examined fish species, collected from fresh and brackish waters of iran during 2004-2006. ichthyophthirius multifiliis  was isolated from the external surface of the eyes of oncorhynchus mykiss, gyrodactylus stankovici from cyprinus carpio and lern...

the main inflammatory bowel disorders are including celiac disease (cd), inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd) and irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). celiac disease is a digestive and autoimmune disorder that can damage the small intestine and characterized by a multitude gastrointestinal (gi) and extra gi symptoms. ibd (including ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease) is a group of inflammatory cond...

Objectives: This research, using the interview methods, attempts to identify a new type of network users which is called as “online parasites.” Since online parasites have higher level information retention and activity than ordinary passive users, companies that operate communities should consider needs meaning parasites” when activating inactive users. Methods: study conducted preliminary int...

Cage housing systems separate the hen from her excreta and, thus, break transmission cycle for most internal parasites. However, production where birds are on litter or have access to outdoors allow parasite life-cycle completion hence, these seen a resurgence of intestinal parasites (worms, coccidia and histomonads). Effective registered anthelminthics few in Australia there no products availa...

background: the study evaluated qualitative pcr, primers 121-122 as a tool to follow up evolution parasite load of trypanosoma cruzi . methods: the study was conducted at the state university of maringa, in 2015. step 1, dilutions 1/10 were performed from t. cruzi -y strain to obtain preparations of 50,000-0.05 parasites/ml from which dna were extracted, quantified, and amplified. step 2, the e...

Every year, millions of people in the world are infected with parasitic diseases, and main conflict diseases is countries hot humid climates low levels hygiene. Parasites can damage human animal communities different ways, these damages be highly extensive. exist microscopic macroscopic forms, which transmitted to humans animals through including water, food, or insect bites. Controlling examin...