We consider the problem of optimally decoding a quantum error correction code — that is to find the optimal recovery procedure given the outcomes of partial “check” measurements on the system. In general, this problem is NP-hard. However, we demonstrate that for concatenated block codes, the optimal decoding can be efficiently computed using a message passing algorithm. We compare the performan...

Many problems in mathematics and science require the use of infinite-dimensional spaces. Consequently, there is need for an analogue of the finite-dimensional notions of ‘Lebesgue almost every’ and ‘Lebesgue measure zero’ in the infinite-dimensional setting. The theory of prevalence addresses this need and provides a powerful framework for describing generic behavior in a probabilistic way. We ...

Electronic order book trading has evolved in being recognized as the best-practice for trading small and mid-sized orders. Yet, this mechanism does not properly address the needs of large-sized orders which tend to execute off order book in over-the-counter markets. Order book trading provides for public price discovery but not for quantity discovery. Off book executions generally fragment the ...

The high barriers to entry in the former elite telecom industry have been torn down, leaving a brutally competitive market, where over-the-top (OTT) providers like Vonage, Skype, Netflix and others, with no desire to own a network, provide offerings that ride on top of CSP networks.

AIM To evaluate students' academic success at delivered in a traditional continual course, spread over the two semesters, or in alternating course blocks. METHOD We analyzed the data on exam grades for Anatomy and Chemistry courses in the first year of the curriculum for academic year 2001/02, with the traditional continual delivery of the courses (n=253 for chemistry and n=243 for anatomy), ...