نتایج جستجو برای: protection of intellectual properties
تعداد نتایج: 21214980 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
abstract part one: the electrode oxidation potentials of a series of eighteen n-hydroxy compounds in aqueous solution were calculated based on a proper thermodynamic cycle. the dft method at the level of b3lyp-6-31g(d,p) was used to calculate the gas-phase free energy differences ,and the polarizable continuum model (pcm) was applied to describe the solvent and its interaction with n-hydroxy ...
apart from other aspects, desert is a natural environment and is one of the appealing terrestrial elements. putting its symbolic and fictional senses aside, the term “desert” bears mystic sense more than material sense. in addition to the worlds materialistic experiences, desert has attracted the attention of writers because it creates a kind of inner experience, which returns the individual in...
traditional knowledge is commercialized without due respect for the cultural and economic interests of the communities in which it originates. at the same time, and often, no share of the returns from its exploitation is conceded to the communities, which have developed and maintained it. today, traditional knowledge is valuable economic and cultural assets within the global information society...
the constant increase of counterfeiting and piracy and the negative impact on trade, public health and safety in both developing and developed economies make the combat against this phenomenon a formidable challenge for all wto members. the trips agreement contains a comprehensive chapter on enforcement in part iii and special requirements related to border measures detailed in section 4, thus ...
Among the challenging issues of intellectual property law, discussed how to support and protect the drug because of its association with health in developing countries of particular importance and significance of the day incidence has been added. Pharmaceutical products, sometimes due to a combination of two or more chemical or combination of two or more existing drugs to create new drug is som...
trade secrets has an important role in economic growth and development of economic competition. however ,one of the challenges in this sphere is the emergence of economice spionag. increasing growth of economic espionage causes to emerge a new phenomenon which is called information terrorism. so the mechanism of protection of the trade secretsincivil and criminal law is necessary for economic g...
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Some of the cultural works which are considered as cultural heritage, regardless of their antiquity and precedence, are simultaneously subject of the legal systems of intellectual property rights and cultural heritage law. This situation can lead to a conflict of interest between private ownership and public law which, in turn, may create many problems for the management of cultural heritage wh...
Intellectual property takes several forms, the most important of which are patents, copyrights, and trade rights. Patents protect inventions. One can patent methods and processes, new varieties of plants, and (more weakly) designs. The VSI alliance proposed the usage of the three approaches for proper protection of IP designs. The detection approach directly interacts with the VLSI design, and ...
In this paper, we construct a new indexmeasuring the strength of intellectual property (IP) protection for plant varieties in 69 countries over the period 1961–2011. We examine the statistical properties of the index and compare it with other indicators of IP protection. We conclude that the index provides a reasonable synthetic assessment of the relative strength of IP protection in plant vari...
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