Group scheduling in flexible flow shops: a hybridised approach of imperialist competitive algorithm and electromagnetic-like mechanism N. Karimi a , M. Zandieh b & A.A. Najafi c a Faculty of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Qazvin Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran b Department of Industrial Management, Management and Accounting Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran c...

Soybean rust (SBR), caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, has been reported in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars and elite lines that were infected under controlled and natural field conditions in South Africa, the United States, Argentina, and Brazil. Although SBR is currently not a top priority problem for the common bean crop, many bean breeders are concerned about this dis...

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume crop worldwide. However, abiotic and biotic stress limits bean yields to <600 kg ha 1 in low-income countries. Current low yields result in food insecurity, while demands for increased yields to match the rate of population growth combined with the threat of climate change are significant. Novel and significant advances in genetic impro...

introduction legumes after cereals are the second source of human food and in iran they are the second most important food after the wheat. legumes protein is four times as much as that of grains and 10 to 20 times as much as that of glandular plants. in addition, beans are planted in iran in a wide area and knowing optimal farming factors can be an important step in increasing them. one of the...

The occurrence of viral co-infection is a common phenomenon in cultivated and native plant species and can alter the dynamics of virus infection. In this study, disease progress was examined in single and mixed infections of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) by measuring the rate of symptom development, disease severity and area under disease progress curve on infe...

BACKGROUND According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iron, iodine, and Vitamin A deficiencies are the most common forms of malnutrition, leading to severe public health consequences. The importance of iron and zinc in human nutrition and the number of children found to be deficient in these nutrients make further studies on retention in cooked grains and cooked bean broth important. O...

Phosphorus (P), an essential element for plants, is one of the most limiting nutrients for plant growth. A few transcription factor (TF) genes involved in P-starvation signalling have been characterized for Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. Crop production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), the most important legume for human consumption, is often limited by low P in the soil. Despite its agr...