leishmania is a protozoan parasite belonging to the family trypanosomatidae, which is found among 88 different countries. the parasite lives as an amastigote in vertebrate macro­phages and as a promastigote in the digestive tract of sand fly. it can be cultured in the laboratory us­ing appropriate culture media. although the sexual cycle of leishmania has not been observed during the promastigo...

هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل و بررسی پیامدهای شبکه‌سازی سیاسی در نظام سیاست‌گذاری سازمان‌های دولتی استان لرستان انجام پذیرفت.طراحی/ روش‌­شناسی/ رویکرد : دارای رویکردی آمیخته است که از نظر هدف، کاربردی حیث ماهیت روش، توصیفی پیمایشی است. مشارکت‌کنندگان را مدیران تشکیل می­‌دهند استفاده اصل کفایت نظری روش نمونه­‌گیری هدفمند 16 نفر آنان به عنوان اعضای نمونه انتخاب شدند. بخش کیفی برای گردآوری داده مص...

RNA processing is essential factor for synthesis of functional and structural proteins in eukaryote cells. In eukaryote organisms it will be initiated with transcription of DNA in nucleolus and terminated to mRNA translation in cytoplasm, finally mRNA degraded. Protein synthesis followed as different steps, includes 5' capping, poly adenylating, processing and transferring from nucleolus to cyt...

Isolation of high-quality RNA is one of the most crucial methods in molecular biology. RNA extraction from woody plants has been problematic due to the presence of rigid and woody tissues, large amounts of polysaccharides, polyphenols and other secondary metabolites. Here we present a suitable protocol for RNA isolation from a wide range of woody plants that includes eight gymnosperms and four ...

RNA extraction is a prerequisite technique for gene expression studies, analyzing the etiology and disease progression, treatment effects, as well as designing the diagnostic methods. Although many RNA extraction kits have been commercialized, but these kits are expensive and are not accessible in some countries. Many studies have shown that TRIzol is an applicable material for the RNA extracti...