Using a multidisciplinary approach, we demonstrate that three different pathways are responsible for the transmission of rod signals across the mouse retina. Each pathway serves a primarily nonoverlapping range of stimulus intensities, with ganglion cells receiving either segregated or convergent inputs. For both on-center (ON) and off-center (OFF) ganglion cells, the primary rod pathway carrie...

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and C3 glomerulonephritis (C3 GN) can be secondary to monoclonal gammopathy and multiple myeloma. MPGN Type 1 is caused by activation of the classical pathway by immune complex formation, and C3 GN results from abnormalities in the alternative pathway of complement. In previously reported cases of MPGN and C3 GN secondary to monoclonal gammopathy/...

In some animal groups, the secondary embryonic axis is patterned by a small group of cells, often called an organizer, that signals to other cells to establish the correct pattern of cell fates. The Dpp/BMP2-4 pathway plays a central role in secondary axis patterning in many animals [1-11], but it has not been examined during early axial patterning in spiralian embryogenesis. This is a deeply c...

Background: Endometriosis, a disease affecting 3-10% of women of reproductive age, is characterized by the ectopic growth of endometrial glands and stroma surrounded by dense fibrous tissue. Whereas, normal eutopic endometrium shows scarless tissue repair during menstrual cycles, which suggests that the endometriotic tissues have distinct mechanisms of fibrogenesis. During the development of en...

Objective(s): microRNAs are small non-coding molecules that regulate gene expression in various biological processes. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a malignancy accompanied with genetic aberrations and accounts for 20% of children’s and adult’s ALL. Notch signaling pathway dysregulation occurs in 60% of T-ALL cases. In the present study, we aimed to de...

Background:  The aberrant and altered patterns of gene expression play an important role in the biology of cancer and tumorigenesis. DNA methylation and histone deacetylation are the most studied epigenetic mechanisms. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) such as valproic acid (VPA) and trichostatin A (TSA) are a group of anticancer compounds for the treatment of solid and hematological canc...

The woody tissue of trees is composed of xylem cells that arise from divisions of stem cells within the cambial meristem. The rate of xylem cell formation is dependent upon the rate of cell division within the cambium and is controlled by both genetic and environmental factors. In the annual plant Arabidopsis, signaling between a peptide ligand CLE41 and a receptor kinase PXY controls cambial c...

Abstract The natural product pneumocandin B 0 is the precursor of antifungal drug caspofungin. To explore relationship between and oil. We found that addition 1 g/L oil to fermentation medium more conducive production . metabolic reaction mechanism was explored using different fatty acids results showed stearic acid acetic increased total by 22.98% 9.08%, respectively, as well increasing conten...

gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (gca)is one of the few malignancies with unexplained reasons that have increased sharply in developed countries. the purpose of this review was to determine the pathways in gca to identify new biomarker. so by comparing gene expression in gca group with normal control identified important pathways. gene expression data were extracted from the beforehand investigati...