McGraw-Hill Education’s new adaptive flashcard application, StudyWise, implements spaced practice to help learners memorize collections of basic facts. For classroom use, subject matter experts needed a scheduling algorithm that could provide effective practice schedules to learn a pre-set number of facts over a specific interval of days. To test the pedagogical effectiveness of such schedules,...

expect photons, the quanta of sunlight, to arrive at Earth at random intervals, their arrival times distributed in just the same, natural way that customers arrive at a box-office to buy tickets for a play. A histogram of the number of people or photons arriving per unit time follows what is known as the Poisson distribution. But in 1909, in the first clear evidence for wave–particle duality, E...

In digital communication system, conventional fractionally spaced equalizer (FSE) is based on linear transversal equalizer (LTE) where the noise enhancement influences the equalization result. Since equalization can also be viewed as a classification problem, the Bayesian equalizer which is the optimal symbol-decision equalizer can achieve better performance than LTE. A novel fractionally space...

The relationships between saccadic velocity, duration, and magnitude have been used to prove the normalcy of saccades with intersaccadic intervals of less than 200 ms. Pairs of normal saccades with small intersaccadic intervals will have the second saccade larger or smaller and going in the same or the opposite direction than the first saccade. These normal saccades may be horizontal, vertical,...