Background: Recently, modification of T cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has been an attractive approach for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers. Typically, CARs contain a single-chain variable domain fragment (scFv). Most often, scfvs are derived from a monoclonal antibody of murine origin and may be a trigger for host immune system that leads to the T-cell clearance. Nanobody is a spe...

background: cystic echinococcosis caused by the metacestode of echinococcus granulosus is a major problem in both humans and domestic animals health. there-fore, a standardized and approachable diagnostic tool (rapid tests) for the serodiag-nosis of cystic echinococcosis (ce) is still needed. methods: in the present work, antigen b labeled with gold nanoparticles was used to detect antibodies a...

background: echinococcosis is a parasitic disease with worldwide distribution which is caused by the tapeworms echinococcus granulosus . diagnosis of the disease relies on imaging techniques, but the techniques are not able to differentiate the cyst from benign or malignant tumors; hence, appropriate serologic methods are required for the differential diagnosis of the infection. materials and m...

OBJECTIVES To explore the attitudes of men with confirmed or suspected prostate cancer to testing for prostate specific antigen. DESIGN Qualitative interview study with a purposive sample. SETTING Great Britain. PARTICIPANTS 52 men with suspected or confirmed prostate cancer, recruited through general practitioners, urologists, patient support groups, and charities. RESULTS Almost all m...

BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assays have historically produced different results. Our aim was to investigate the comparability of assay results of selected commercially available assay methods designed to measure total, free, or complexed PSA (tPSA, fPSA, and cPSA). METHODS We measured tPSA, fPSA, and cPSA in 70 samples and in the WHO PSA 96/670 reference preparation with 6 assa...

Verification bias can influence the interpretation of the most important screening test for prostate cancer, measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Such bias arises when the presence or absence of prostate cancer has not been verified by prostate biopsy in all subjects in the screened population. In this issue of the Journal, Punglia et al. report on how verification bias alters the se...